.

Martin Luther and the German Reformation
1. (a) Describe the event that is taking place in the source
shown on the right.
Martin Luther expalin the 95 theses


(b)Mention one immediate consequence of this event.
The Pope excommunicated Martin Luther


1. Explain the following terms:
(a)justification by faith: That you are saved only by believing
(b) indulgences: Documents issued by the Poper to pardon sins for money
(c) Papal bull: document (law) given by Pope
(d) excommunicated: You are no longer a Christian
(e) heretic: Failure to meet the law that the church
(f) clerical celibacy:

2. Write briefly four important landmarks in the life of Martin Luther.


Counter-reformation

1. Why was the Council of Trent summoned? _To stop the Lutheran Reformation


2. Identify three conclusions reached at this Council.

(a) New ways of spreading Catholicism were created,such as cathecism and new schools
(b) New religious orders were founded to carry out the resolutions of Trent, and other orders were reformed.
(c) The Society of Jesus, founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, supported the Pope during the counter-reformation

3. Name five countries in Europe where the Counter-Reformation was successful and one country where it was not.

(a) Successful in: Spain, France, Italy, Portugal and Austria
(b) Unsuccessful in: Germany

A whole new world: The amazing map based on population

WHICH ARE THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED REGIONS IN THE WORLD?Asia and África. Why? Because women no using contraception
WHICH ARE THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES? The most densely populate cuntries are China and India.
Is all territory densely populated. No, because in some countries use contraceptives and other countries not

POPULATION RATES

1. Why is it called a crude rate?
Porque se refiere a ellos simplemente a la tasa de natalidad

2. What aspect of population growth or decline is not measured by the natural increase calculation?

La mortalidad infantil, el número de hijos por mujer, la fertilidad ...

3. Calculate the Birth and Death Rates for Ireland in each of the four years.
TASA DE NATALIDAD:

En 1995: 13/1000
En 1998: 14/1000
En 2000: 14/1000
En 2002: 14/1000

TASA DE MORTALIDAD:

En 1995: 8/1000
En 1998: 8/1000
En 2000: 8/1000
En 2002: 7/1000

4. Calculate the Natural Increase for Ireland in each of the four years.

TASA DE CRECIMIENTO NATURAL:

En 1995: 4/1000
En 1998: 5/1000
En 2000: 6/1000
En 2002: 7/1000

5. Write a short paragraph outlining the population changes experienced over the period from 1995 to 2002, based on this data.

La Tasa de Natalidad aumentado, pero las muertes se redujo. Así, la población aumentó.

Vocabulary 10

Charles I: Was a king of Spain and of Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Empire: The title of Carlos V

Comuneros: All of this angered the Castilians and led to the revolt of the Comuneros

Juan de Padilla: The king of Toledo, was the first city to rebel

Philip II:The son of Charles V

Viceroy: Was a king in a territorie

Ottoman Turks: Were his other great rivals to Spain

German Protestant Princes: The most serious problem of the rebellion

Elizabeth I: Was the Queen of England

Invincible Armada: To fight against England. The powerful Spanish armada was defeated in 1588

Aztec Empire: A territorie conquered by Hernan Cortés

Inca Empire: A territore conquered by Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro: He conquered the Inca Empire

Council of Indies: Which advise the king on matters of government

Viceroyalty of Peru

Viceroyalty of New Spain

Casa de Contratación: A trading house in Seville

Benavente plan

• The historical centre and the business district: Santa Maria square and center of transports
  
• The main residencial areas: Avd El Ferial and the urbanitations of the Pinar and the around
  
• the industrial areas: The centre of transports
  
• the main streets: Avd El ferial, Avd Federico Silva, Avd Maragatos
  

What kind of City layout are there?, Only one? Radiocentric Layout

Doctors Without Borders

• Would you be prepared to work in one of them? Why? Why not? Yes, because it is a worthy work, although he was not charging, but I like to help the others
• What problems face most people in developing countries? Health problems and food shortages
• Would their situation be better if the birth rate fell? Why? Why not?
• Why do many people in Africa die before they are 40 years old? Because they are short of food, water and health problems
• Why is a child in an underdeveloped country more likely to die than a child in a developed one? Because they catch diseases easily, ate little and hardly ever drink water

Where did the gipsy people come from? Of India
How many gypsies are there in the world? Between 3 and 6 million
How many gipsies are there in Spain? As low as 500,000 and as high as 700,000
What language do they speak in Spain? The Sapnish
What do you think the gipsies are excluded from the society? Because For their religion and because they were poor
Are social integrartion programmes necesary? why?, why not? Yes, because even though they are also poor people and we must help everyone.

Vocabulary 9

Renaissance:The profund social and cultural changes of the 15 and 16 cenutries
Humanism: One of the most important feature of the Ranaissance
Erasmus de Rotterdam:Was one of the greatest humanist
Thomas Moro:Was one of the greatest humanist
Juan Luis Vives:Was one of the greatest humanist
Johannes Gutenberg: The inventor of the printig press
Printing Press: Was a revolutionary invention
Nicolas Copernicus:He developed the heliocentric theory
Heliocentric Theory: Maintained that the Sun was the centre of the universe, and that the Earth and other planets revolved around it.
Ptolomaic: He developed the Geocentric theory
Geocentric theory: Maintained that the Earth was the centre of universe.
Quattrocento:Was a term applied to 15 century art Italian art, which flourished in Florence
Cinquecento: Was the term use to describe 16 century art, which flourished in Rome.
Proportion:
Leon Battista Alberti: One importan architect of the Quattrocento
Bramante: He did the first project of the Saint Peter´s Basilica
Michelangelo: Is one of the grastest and most versatile artist of all times.
Maderno: He completed the rest of the Saint Peter´s Basilica
Masaccio: Were a pioneer in the use of perspective
Raphael: Achieved perfection in his used of colour, drawing and composition.
Leonardo: He represented brilliantly nature
Titian: As a Venetian painter created highly colourful works of art
Donatello: The grastest sculptor of the Quattrocento
Albrecht Durer: Was a great Renaissance figure
Herrerian Style: Was characterised by austerity and solemnity
Plateresque style: was characterised by its abundant and delicate ornamentation
Martin Luther: Was a German monk
Lutheranism: Was incompatible with the ideas of the Catholic Church
Protestant: The Lutherans
Calvinism: His doctrine was based in the predestination
Predestination: People are condemned or saved before they are born
Henry VIII: Was a king of England
Anglican Church: The king would be head of the church instead of the Pope
Council of Trent:Met and adopted different resolutions
Society of Jesus: Founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Inquisition: Persecuted those who failed to follow Catholic

Charles V

Where was born Charles V? Glent(Flanders)

Could Charles V make decisions alone? No

Whose approval did he need before increasing taxes, for example? By the Parliaments

Who were the children of Charles I? Philip II of Spain, Maria of Sapin, Joan of Spain, Margaret of Parma and John of Austria.

Who ruled each territory in the king’s name? A viceroy or governor

Why did the king need to ask for loans? to finance his empire

Why did Charles V have problems with France? Beacuse Francia was his main rival for supremacy in Europe.

The main battles against France: batalla de Pavía, batalla de Roma, batalla de Saboya, batalla en Alemania.

Why were the Ottoman Turks his rivals? Because were his oher great rivals

The main battles against the Ottoman Empire:

What was his most serious problem? The rebellion of the German Protestant princes.

How did he divide his possessions when he surrendered his power? He divided his possessions. to his brother Ferdinand and the rest of his possessions went to his son Philip
Where Charles V decided to retire: Yuste, Spain

Marco Polo:
Technical advances: Which improved navigation
Portulan Charts: Were a new maps.
Compass: Instrument that was indicating the north
astrolabe: Instrument that was serving to measure the latitude
Quadrant: Was a navigational instrument
Caravels: was faster and more spacious than its predecessors
Prince Henry the Navigator: A men what organised various expeditions.
Bartolomeu Dias: A men what opening the sea route to the Indian Ocean
Vasco de Gama: A men what reached India
Christopher Columbus: Was a Genoese sailor.
Ferdinand Magallan: The captain in the expedition of 1519
Juan Sebastian Elcano the second captain in the expedition of the 1519
Treaty of Tordesillas: Unexplored were divided between them in the teatry of Tordesillas

Auteur: Juan Bautista de Toledo
Work: El Escolar
Type of work: Architecture
Function or Subject: Royal house
Decoration or Characteristics: It is very big, has four towers.
It has many windows, a big door and a great front with windows.

Auteur:Donatello

Work:Statue of David

Type of work:sculpture

Function or Subject: Nude

Decoration or Characteristics: One sees a nake young man with a hull, a sword and a few protections in the blackheads and this one on a species of nest

Auteur:Raphael

Work:The Holy Family with a lamb

Type of work: Painting

Function or Subject: Religion

Decoration or Characteristics: There are three people. the parent and child, there is a lamb.Behind you see a landscape, a flock of birds and mountains.

Los viajes de Marco Polo

An authoritative version of Marco Polo's book does not exist, and the early manuscripts differ significantly. The published versions of his book either rely on single scripts, blend multiple versions together or add notes to clarify, for example in the English translation by Henry Hule. Another English translation by A.C. Moule and Paul Pelliot, published in 1938, is based on the Latin manuscript which was found in the library of th Cathedral of Toledo in 1932, and is 50% longer than other versions.Approximately 150 variants in various languages are known to exist, and without the availability of a printing press many errors were made during copying and translation, resulting in many discrepancies.

Vocabulary 6

UNIT 6
1 Reconquest: Time that lasted the conquered of the Iberian Peninsula, when the Christians defeated the Muslims.

2 Kingdom of Asturias: Kingdom created by the Christians in mountain ranges of Cantabria.

3 Kingdom of León:Was originated when the capital of the kingdom of Asturias was moved to Leon.
4 Aragonese counties: Was formed when the Carolingian Empire was divided.
5 Catalan counties: Was formed when the Carolingian Empire was divided.
6 Pelayo: Was chose by the Visigoths as their king, defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga.
7 Battle of Covadonga: Was produced in 722.The Muslim was defeated by the Christian
8 Alfonso III: He was one king who reigned in the last years of 9th century and early years of the 10th century, when was the greatest expansion just that moment.

9 Fernán Gonzalez: he divided Castile in a county which was made independent.
10 Spanish March: Lands in the south of Pyrenees between the Muslims and the Carolingian Empire.
11 Carolingian Empire: Empire created by Charlemagne was dissolved in the 9th century. it had the Spanish march in the Pyrenean region.
12 Sancho III the Great: King of Navarre, he became the most powerful Christian king on the Peninsula in the 11th century.
13 Wilfred the Hairy: Was the person who united the Catalan counties, in the 9th century.
14 Beatus: Kind of book that is a famous example of the mozarabic art. It was a manuscript with beautiful paintings
15 Mozarabic art: Was the art witch emerged in the Christian kingdoms in the 10th century.
16 Mudejar art: It Was emerged in the 12th in Sahagún, Leon.
17 Asturian art: Art Developed near of Oviedo between the 8th and 10th centuries.
18 Repopulation: Was produced when the Christians kingdom advance went from the Duero valley until the Granada Kingdom
19 Fueros: Were the privileges given by the kings to the towns.
20 Military orders: Religious order, was a religious army created by the feudal estates to fight to the Muslim advance
21 Mudejars: Where Muslims who remained in Christian territory.
22 Alfonso VI: He conquered Toledo, the Tajo valley and a part of Andalusia.
23 Ferdinand III: Was the person who united Castile and Leon in 1230 and founded the crown of Castile.
24 Cortes: Their function was to approve or reject new taxes.
25 Honourable Council of the Mesta: was creates in 1273 to discuss the problem of the Merino sheep. It was a council of breed sheep and your problems
26 Alfonso I the Battler: Was the first king of Aragon.
27 James I the Conqueror: King of the Crown of Aragon. He took Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic islands.
28 Generalitat: An institution which defended the rights of individuals in Catalonia, Aragon, Valencia, ensured that the fueros and decisions of their Cortes were respected

HENRY VIII

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Henry VIII was a significant figure in the history of the English monarchy. Although in the great part of his reign he brutally suppressed the influence of the Protestant Reformation in England,[1][2] a movement having some roots with John Wycliffe in the 14th century, he is more popularly known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome ultimately led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. He remained an advocate for traditional Catholic ceremony and doctrine throughout his life, even after his excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church following the annulment of his marriage to first wife Catherine of Aragon and the marriage to his second wife, Anne Boleyn.[1][3] Royal support for the English Reformation began with his heirs, the devout Edward VI and the renowned Elizabeth I, whilst daughter Mary I temporarily reinstated papal authority over England. Henry also oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. He is also noted for his six wives, two of whom were beheaded.

The Time Of The Catholic Monarchs

Diplomatic: The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 is a term applied to the reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld until the War of Austrian Succession and then reversed in the Seven Years' War; the shift has also been known as "the great change of partners".
Domestic policy:also known as public policy, presents decisions, laws, and programs made by the government which are directly related to issues in the country.
Dinastry:A dynasty is a succession of people belonging to the same family, who, through various means and forms maintain power, influence or authority over the course of generations.
What was the Holy Brotherhood?
The Catholic Monarchs set out to restore royal authority in Spain. To accomplish their goal, they first created a group named the Holy Brotherhood. These men were used as a judicial police force for Spain. To replace the courts, the Catholic Monarchs created the Royal Council, and appointed chief magistrates (judges) to run the towns and cities. This establishment of royal authority is known as The Pacification of Castile, and can be seen as one of the crucial steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nation-states.
What was the function of the Tribunal of the Inquisition?
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, was a tribunal stablished in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon nd Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the medieval inquisition which was under papal control. The Inquisition worked in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of recent converts, especially Jews, Muslims and others. Various motives have been proposed for the monarchs' decision to found the Inquisition, such as increasing political authority, weakening opposition, suppressing conversos, and profiting from confiscation of the property of convicted heretics. The new body was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. It was not definitively abolished until 1833, during the reign of Isabella II.
How did the Catholic Monarchs strenghten their power over the municipalities and the nobility.
They authorized the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who was given the name of Admiral of the Ocean Sea by the monarchs, which brought knowledge of the New World to Europe. Columbus' first expedition to the supposed Indies actually landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. He landed on the island of Guanahani, and called it San Salvador. He continued onto Cuba, naming it Juana, and finished his journey on the island of Santo Domingo, calling it La Española. His second trip began in 1493 in which he found more Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico. His main goal was to colonize the existing discoveries with the 1500 men that he had brought the second time around. Columbus finished his last expedition in 1498 and discovered Trinidad and the coast of present day Venezuela. The colonies Columbus established and conquests in the Americas in the decades to come would lead to an influx of wealth into Spain, filling the coffers of the new state that would prove to be the hegemony of Europe for the next two centuries.

La Mesta

The Mesta was a powerful association of sheep holders in the medievalKingdom of Castile.
The sheep were transhumant, migrating from the pastures of Extremadura and Andalusia to Castile and back according to the season.
The no-mans-land (up to 100km across) between Christian Spain and Moorish Spain was too insecure for arable farming and was only exploited by shepherds. When the land was reconquered by the Spanish, farmers began to settle and disputes with pastoralists were common. The Mesta can be regarded as the first, and most powerful, agricultural union in medieval Europe.
The exportation of merino wool enriched the Mesta members (nobility and church orders) who had acquired ranches during the process ofReconquista.
The kings of Castile conceded many privileges to the Mesta. Even today, herds of sheep may be transported by rail, but the perhaps prehistoric cañadas are legally protected "forever" from occupation and barring.
Some Madrid streets are still part of the cañada system, and there are groups that organize sheep transportation across the modern city as a reminder of ancient rights and cultures.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII (June 28, 1491 - January 28, 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from April 22, 1509 until his death. It was the second monarch of the Tudor house, a descendant of his father, Henry VII. Famous for being married six times, to exercise absolute power among all English monarchs. Among the most notable events of his reign, including his break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its establishment as head of the Church of England (Anglican Church), the dissolution of the monasteries, and the union of England and Wales.It also enacted important legislation, like the several acts of separation with the Church of Rome, to his appointment as supreme head of the Church of England, the Union Acts of 1535 and 1542, which united England and Wales as one nation, the Buggery Act of 1533, the first sodomy law in Britain, the Witchcraft Act of 1542, which punished by death protection provided to brujería.La German painter Hans Holbein resulted in a formidable series of portraits and drawings to color, which effigies many characters of the Court at that time. Emphasizes the effigy of Henry VIII himself.

La Peste Negra

BLACK PLAGUE

How the Black Death was transmitted? The three forms of the Black Death were transmitted through two paths. Bubonic and septicemic plague was transmitted by direct contact with a flea, while the pneumonic plague was transmitted by airborne droplets of saliva. Bubonic and septicemic plague was transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. Fleas, people, and rats as hosts for the disease. The bacterium (Yersinia pestis) times in blocking the flea the flea's stomach that makes be very hungry. The flea then start voraciously bite a host. Since the stomach feeding tube was blocked, the flea was unable to satisfy their hunger. Consequently, this followed a feeding frenzy. During the feeding process, infected blood carrying the plague bacterium, flowed into the wound of human being. The plague bacteria now had a new host. The flea soon starved to death.The pneumonic plague was transmitted

CULTURA PRECOLOMBINA

Where they lived?

-In Meso-America and South-America

How was their society organised?

-Was based on agriculture and their relationships with their gods, goddesses and royalty.was based on agriculture and their relationships with their gods, goddesses and royalty.

How were their main ecomonic activities?

- The agriculture

What kind of food did they eat?

-With corn

How were your government?

-

In what ways the three civilzacion were similar or different?

-Incas, Aztecas and Mayas

Vocabulary Unit 5

Ummayad: Its a caliphate with ruled Al-Andalus.
Caliphate of Damascus :The capital of the territories of de Muslims.
Caliphate of Cordoba : Was the most brilliant period of Al-Andalus.
Al-Andalus:Its a territoris conquered by the Muslims.
Jews: Persons played a significant role in the economy.
Emirate: Territorie governor by the emir
Emir: Governor of the emirate.
Walis: Was a governor, controlled the provinces.
Visir: Was a ministers governed the Caliph.
Hayib: Was a orime ministers governed the Caliph.
Raids: Against the Christian kingdoms in the north.
Taifas: Was a small kingdoms to divide the Caliphate
Parias: To avoid attack, the taifas paid taxes to rhe Christian kings.
Almoravids: Went to Iberia to stop the Christian advance. They reunited the Al-Andalus
Almohads: Who also berbers, came to power.
Battle of Navas de Tolosa: Was where the the Christians armies defeated the Almohads.
Nasrid Kingdom: Was formed by the familie Nasrid
Dinar: Its a coin of gold.
Dirhem: Its a coin of silver
Arabs: Had the best land, and were in charge of government
Berbers: Were more numerous, but had fewer privileges. They sometimes rebelled.
Muladies: Were former Christians who adapted the religion
Mozarabs: Were Christians who continued to practise their religion
Medina: Was the main area was the old city.
Aljama: Was the main mosque
Mosque: A place where the muslims pray
Arrabales: Workers´ districts
Alcázar: Was the centre of political life.
Souk: Was social and economic life.
Alhóndigas: A large warehouses where the merchants kept their goods.
Averroes: Outstanding intellectuals.
Maimonides: Outstanding intellectuals.
Horseshoe arches: Were supported the Islamic buildings
Plasterwork: Was a decorative

Orden Cronológico

The irrigation sistem in the farmhouse

In this image are peasants cultivating and watering. It seems that there's a guy next decomercio.
The irrigation projects through the side channels of the crop, water wells and water mills.
The new crops are cotton and indigo.Also appears the rice, sugarcane, aubergines and artichokes.

Tipos de arcos(segun su centro)

Mezquita.Partes

Unit 4 "Meanings"

Christianity: The main religion in Europe.
Christendom: The Christian territories.
Pilgrimage: A holy place
Crusades: These were military expeditions, organised by the Pope and the European kings, to take the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Tithe: Which was a tenth of their harvest.

Barrel vault: Roman element.

Apse: The long arm of the cross was made up of one or more naves finishing in an apse.

Buttress:

Ambulatory: So that pilgrims could walk around the main altar and view the relics there.

Transept: The shorter arm.

Lent:

Altarpieces: The lives of saints and martyrs were shown.

Miniatures: Were small paintings which illustrated bibles and manuscripts.

Mural Painting: Was common on walls, especially in the man apse near the altar.

Panel Painting: Was used on altars and small altarpieces.

Convents: House of the frias.

University: The king needed educted administrators to govern their kingdoms.

Gargoyles: Were sculpted on te outside of cathedrals.

Stained glass: Windows large.

Pointed arches: Were used

Rib vault: Was supported by the pillars inside, and the buttresses outside the cathedral.

Flying buttress:

Rose windows: Were high, and filled with light, to represent heaven.

Latin cross: Shape continued to be used.

Side aisles:

Capitel:

Pinnacle:

Unit 3 "Meanings"

Three years of rotation: This was allowing that only a third part of the land should remain in fallow every year.
Mouldboard plough: Ploughed the soil more efficiently
Hanseatic league: Mercheants association
Trade fairs: Merchants met a trade fairs.The biggest fairs were held in the Champagne region of France.
Bills of exchange: Made it unnecessary to carry money.
Ghettoes: Neighborhoods where Jews lived
Moorish: Neighborhoods where Moros lived
City Council: Each city had its own government, which was directed by a mmyor
Guilds: Artisants joined in the same proffesion
Master Craftsmen: Owner the workshops, the tools and the raw maw materials.
Journeymen: Were skilled carfstmen who received wages.
Apprentices: Were young men who wanted to learn a trade.
Roman Law: Which gave much more power to the kings than traditional law.
Parliaments: They were very different from the parliaments of today. The only people who were represnted wer the king, the nobles, the clergy and the city mayors.