Auteur:Raphael

Work:The Holy Family with a lamb

Type of work: Painting

Function or Subject: Religion

Decoration or Characteristics: There are three people. the parent and child, there is a lamb.Behind you see a landscape, a flock of birds and mountains.

Los viajes de Marco Polo

An authoritative version of Marco Polo's book does not exist, and the early manuscripts differ significantly. The published versions of his book either rely on single scripts, blend multiple versions together or add notes to clarify, for example in the English translation by Henry Hule. Another English translation by A.C. Moule and Paul Pelliot, published in 1938, is based on the Latin manuscript which was found in the library of th Cathedral of Toledo in 1932, and is 50% longer than other versions.Approximately 150 variants in various languages are known to exist, and without the availability of a printing press many errors were made during copying and translation, resulting in many discrepancies.

Vocabulary 6

UNIT 6
1 Reconquest: Time that lasted the conquered of the Iberian Peninsula, when the Christians defeated the Muslims.

2 Kingdom of Asturias: Kingdom created by the Christians in mountain ranges of Cantabria.

3 Kingdom of León:Was originated when the capital of the kingdom of Asturias was moved to Leon.
4 Aragonese counties: Was formed when the Carolingian Empire was divided.
5 Catalan counties: Was formed when the Carolingian Empire was divided.
6 Pelayo: Was chose by the Visigoths as their king, defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga.
7 Battle of Covadonga: Was produced in 722.The Muslim was defeated by the Christian
8 Alfonso III: He was one king who reigned in the last years of 9th century and early years of the 10th century, when was the greatest expansion just that moment.

9 Fernán Gonzalez: he divided Castile in a county which was made independent.
10 Spanish March: Lands in the south of Pyrenees between the Muslims and the Carolingian Empire.
11 Carolingian Empire: Empire created by Charlemagne was dissolved in the 9th century. it had the Spanish march in the Pyrenean region.
12 Sancho III the Great: King of Navarre, he became the most powerful Christian king on the Peninsula in the 11th century.
13 Wilfred the Hairy: Was the person who united the Catalan counties, in the 9th century.
14 Beatus: Kind of book that is a famous example of the mozarabic art. It was a manuscript with beautiful paintings
15 Mozarabic art: Was the art witch emerged in the Christian kingdoms in the 10th century.
16 Mudejar art: It Was emerged in the 12th in Sahagún, Leon.
17 Asturian art: Art Developed near of Oviedo between the 8th and 10th centuries.
18 Repopulation: Was produced when the Christians kingdom advance went from the Duero valley until the Granada Kingdom
19 Fueros: Were the privileges given by the kings to the towns.
20 Military orders: Religious order, was a religious army created by the feudal estates to fight to the Muslim advance
21 Mudejars: Where Muslims who remained in Christian territory.
22 Alfonso VI: He conquered Toledo, the Tajo valley and a part of Andalusia.
23 Ferdinand III: Was the person who united Castile and Leon in 1230 and founded the crown of Castile.
24 Cortes: Their function was to approve or reject new taxes.
25 Honourable Council of the Mesta: was creates in 1273 to discuss the problem of the Merino sheep. It was a council of breed sheep and your problems
26 Alfonso I the Battler: Was the first king of Aragon.
27 James I the Conqueror: King of the Crown of Aragon. He took Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic islands.
28 Generalitat: An institution which defended the rights of individuals in Catalonia, Aragon, Valencia, ensured that the fueros and decisions of their Cortes were respected

HENRY VIII

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Henry VIII was a significant figure in the history of the English monarchy. Although in the great part of his reign he brutally suppressed the influence of the Protestant Reformation in England,[1][2] a movement having some roots with John Wycliffe in the 14th century, he is more popularly known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome ultimately led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. He remained an advocate for traditional Catholic ceremony and doctrine throughout his life, even after his excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church following the annulment of his marriage to first wife Catherine of Aragon and the marriage to his second wife, Anne Boleyn.[1][3] Royal support for the English Reformation began with his heirs, the devout Edward VI and the renowned Elizabeth I, whilst daughter Mary I temporarily reinstated papal authority over England. Henry also oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. He is also noted for his six wives, two of whom were beheaded.

The Time Of The Catholic Monarchs

Diplomatic: The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 is a term applied to the reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld until the War of Austrian Succession and then reversed in the Seven Years' War; the shift has also been known as "the great change of partners".
Domestic policy:also known as public policy, presents decisions, laws, and programs made by the government which are directly related to issues in the country.
Dinastry:A dynasty is a succession of people belonging to the same family, who, through various means and forms maintain power, influence or authority over the course of generations.
What was the Holy Brotherhood?
The Catholic Monarchs set out to restore royal authority in Spain. To accomplish their goal, they first created a group named the Holy Brotherhood. These men were used as a judicial police force for Spain. To replace the courts, the Catholic Monarchs created the Royal Council, and appointed chief magistrates (judges) to run the towns and cities. This establishment of royal authority is known as The Pacification of Castile, and can be seen as one of the crucial steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nation-states.
What was the function of the Tribunal of the Inquisition?
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, was a tribunal stablished in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon nd Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the medieval inquisition which was under papal control. The Inquisition worked in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of recent converts, especially Jews, Muslims and others. Various motives have been proposed for the monarchs' decision to found the Inquisition, such as increasing political authority, weakening opposition, suppressing conversos, and profiting from confiscation of the property of convicted heretics. The new body was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. It was not definitively abolished until 1833, during the reign of Isabella II.
How did the Catholic Monarchs strenghten their power over the municipalities and the nobility.
They authorized the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who was given the name of Admiral of the Ocean Sea by the monarchs, which brought knowledge of the New World to Europe. Columbus' first expedition to the supposed Indies actually landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. He landed on the island of Guanahani, and called it San Salvador. He continued onto Cuba, naming it Juana, and finished his journey on the island of Santo Domingo, calling it La Española. His second trip began in 1493 in which he found more Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico. His main goal was to colonize the existing discoveries with the 1500 men that he had brought the second time around. Columbus finished his last expedition in 1498 and discovered Trinidad and the coast of present day Venezuela. The colonies Columbus established and conquests in the Americas in the decades to come would lead to an influx of wealth into Spain, filling the coffers of the new state that would prove to be the hegemony of Europe for the next two centuries.

La Mesta

The Mesta was a powerful association of sheep holders in the medievalKingdom of Castile.
The sheep were transhumant, migrating from the pastures of Extremadura and Andalusia to Castile and back according to the season.
The no-mans-land (up to 100km across) between Christian Spain and Moorish Spain was too insecure for arable farming and was only exploited by shepherds. When the land was reconquered by the Spanish, farmers began to settle and disputes with pastoralists were common. The Mesta can be regarded as the first, and most powerful, agricultural union in medieval Europe.
The exportation of merino wool enriched the Mesta members (nobility and church orders) who had acquired ranches during the process ofReconquista.
The kings of Castile conceded many privileges to the Mesta. Even today, herds of sheep may be transported by rail, but the perhaps prehistoric cañadas are legally protected "forever" from occupation and barring.
Some Madrid streets are still part of the cañada system, and there are groups that organize sheep transportation across the modern city as a reminder of ancient rights and cultures.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII (June 28, 1491 - January 28, 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from April 22, 1509 until his death. It was the second monarch of the Tudor house, a descendant of his father, Henry VII. Famous for being married six times, to exercise absolute power among all English monarchs. Among the most notable events of his reign, including his break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its establishment as head of the Church of England (Anglican Church), the dissolution of the monasteries, and the union of England and Wales.It also enacted important legislation, like the several acts of separation with the Church of Rome, to his appointment as supreme head of the Church of England, the Union Acts of 1535 and 1542, which united England and Wales as one nation, the Buggery Act of 1533, the first sodomy law in Britain, the Witchcraft Act of 1542, which punished by death protection provided to brujería.La German painter Hans Holbein resulted in a formidable series of portraits and drawings to color, which effigies many characters of the Court at that time. Emphasizes the effigy of Henry VIII himself.

La Peste Negra

BLACK PLAGUE

How the Black Death was transmitted? The three forms of the Black Death were transmitted through two paths. Bubonic and septicemic plague was transmitted by direct contact with a flea, while the pneumonic plague was transmitted by airborne droplets of saliva. Bubonic and septicemic plague was transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. Fleas, people, and rats as hosts for the disease. The bacterium (Yersinia pestis) times in blocking the flea the flea's stomach that makes be very hungry. The flea then start voraciously bite a host. Since the stomach feeding tube was blocked, the flea was unable to satisfy their hunger. Consequently, this followed a feeding frenzy. During the feeding process, infected blood carrying the plague bacterium, flowed into the wound of human being. The plague bacteria now had a new host. The flea soon starved to death.The pneumonic plague was transmitted

CULTURA PRECOLOMBINA

Where they lived?

-In Meso-America and South-America

How was their society organised?

-Was based on agriculture and their relationships with their gods, goddesses and royalty.was based on agriculture and their relationships with their gods, goddesses and royalty.

How were their main ecomonic activities?

- The agriculture

What kind of food did they eat?

-With corn

How were your government?

-

In what ways the three civilzacion were similar or different?

-Incas, Aztecas and Mayas