Meanings units 1 and 2

UNIT 1

1. Allah- Islamic God.

2. Byzantine Empire- The new name of the Eastern Roman empire. Its capital was Constantinople.

3. Carolingian Empire- Empire founded by Charlemagne when in the 800 was crowned new Emperor of West.

4. Germanic - Tribes that they lived in the north of the roman empire. This tribes invaded West Roman empire and this disappeared

5. Hegira-This date marks the start of the Muslim calendar. It is when Muhammad moved to Medina in 622.

6. Islam- A new religion made from Muhammad.

7. Justinian Code- It modernised the Roman law.

8. Mosaics- style of painting was made with little pieces of stone, glass, …which covered the walls and ceilings of churches and palaces.

9. Monotheistic- they only believe in one god.

10. Ramadan- It's a month in the Islamic calendar where the Muslims have to fast.

11. Huns- one of the Barbarians tribes who attacked the Roman empire, also they attacked the Visigoths in the 4th century.

12. Basileus- He is the emperor in the East Empire. He had great power. He commanded the army and government, and he was also religious leader.

13. Byzantine Orthodox Church- It's a religion like the Catholic but in the Eastern Europe.

14. East-West Schism-It's the separation between the Roman Catholic Church and the Byzantine Orthodox Church.

15. Icons-They are holy images that they were in the churches.

16. Treaty of Verdun- It’s a treaty which confirmed the division of the Carolingian Empire

17. Missi dominici- also called messengers, they check on local affairs, and ensure that the system of government was functioning properly in the Charlemagne Empire .

18. Counties- name by the administrative units in which Charlemagne divided his empire





UNIT 2

1. Vikings- New invaders, they came from Scandinavia. They conquered the British Isles, northern France and southern Italy, and they founded kingdoms.

2. Magyars-, New invasions in Europe from the year 800 to 1100 , they came from the steppes of Asia. They settled in Eastern Europe, and they founded the kingdom of Hungary

3. Saracens-They were Muslim pirates who attached the Mediterranean coasts of Europe.

4. Serfs- They were completely subjected to the lord’s authority . They could not to leave the fief or get married without permission . They are not paid for their work. Serfdom was passed down to their children

5. Nobles-is a state, a privileged status which generally was hereditary, but which may also be personal only. They were the knights and their families. Their duty was to defend the population.

6. Fief or manor- It’s the land which was received by Nobles in exchange for swearing allegiance to the king. Each one has got a castle where the lord lives. There were also villages where the peasants lived, fields and forests.

7. Vassals- Noble who accepting the king's supremacy. The barons became the kings vassals by ceremony where they paid homage and swore allegiance to the king

8. Paid homage- It’s a ceremony where the vassals paid homage to the king and swore alliance to him.

9. Court- It was formed by a group of lawyers, clergy and soldiers. They helped to the king to govern. Their decisions usually only affected to the king's lands.

10. Demesne- It is called to a part of the land on the manor, that it was used by the lord himself.

11. Clergy- One of states . They were the monks and priests. They had to pray for the spiritual salvation of the people.

12. Privileged states- It was formed by the nobles and the clergy. These states had advantages in the medieval society.

13. Pope- He was the head of the Church who lives In Rome. He also ruled over the Papal State on the Italian Peninsula.

14. Order of Saint Benedict- It was the most important order in the early Middle Ages.

15. Regular clergy- They were member of religious orders. Each order was led by an abbot.

16. Knights- Nobles who after a military hard training fought on horseback and they weapons were the lance, the shield and the mace. They were made knights in a special ceremony.

17. Tithe- It is religious tax, the serfs paid the tenth of the harvest to the Church.

18. Fallow- Every year the peasants left half of their land resting so that it recover and became fertile again.

19. Self-sufficient- It’s when they did not need anything by any other place. It’s produced all they need. They grew food, made clothes and furniture, and built their houses.

Repaso 1º ESO

Bayeux's Tapestry, also known as the Tapestry of the Queen Matilde, is an embroidery of the 11th century realized in England that reports the Norman conquest of the islands from the victory of Guillermo Conquering on the Saxon troops of the King Harold in Hastings (1066). The tapestry is composed by nine fragments that, joined, shape a graphical statement of 68,8 m of length, 50 cm of height about 350 kg of weight. According to the tradition the embroidery was realized by the Queen Matilde, wife of Guillermo, and his ladies of company, wherefrom his second name comes. Though the principal topic constitutes it Hastings's own battle, including preparations as the construction of a fleet to cross the channel of the Spot and to invade the island, in these almost 70 m of length one finds a valuable source to know uses, customs, trades offices and own events of the Middle Ages, almost as if we saw them.



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LA CAPILLA DE AQUISGRÁN

The chapel was built in Aachen in Aachen, Germany. It was built between 790 and the 805 year that was blessed by Pope Leo III. It was built near the Rhine River and had a Roman road. He had several buildings, and that remains today is the Palatine Chapel. Charlemagne was buried there. The chapel was built by taking materials from Roman monuments.

The Crusades

The crusades was a military expedition for conquisted Jerusalem, a holy place for the cristhians. The crusades was a petition of the Pope. They developed between XI and XIII centuries. The cristhians fought with turkes, selucides and saracens ( incluyed the muslims).
THE FIRST CRUSADE
It started in 1096 becouse the Pope believed muslims was the enemy. It was also idea of The Pope Urbano II, he invited the kingdoms of France, England, Germany and Hungary. Only the Hungaries don't acept the invitation. The crusaders go trough Hungary and causes many problems. The king of Hungary made a agree with the crusades and the crusades don't causes more problems. The crusades ended his travel and conquisted Antioquía. Then they go to Jerusalem, conquisted in the 1099.
THE SECOND CRUSADE
It started in 1147 becouse the kings of Jerusalem betrayed cristhians kingdoms. The muslims conquered Zengi, a cristhian kingdom and the Pope predicated the started of the SECOND CRUSADE. In this participed the king of France and Germany. They went direct to Jerusalem and they losted and losted also Damascus. Then the Pope predicated the THIRD CRUSADE.
THE THIRD CRUSADE
It started in 1189, after when the crusaders fought with the army of Saladino I, king of Egypt and Siria. The crusaders loosed and also loosed their territories. Saladino also conquered Jerusalem this year. The Pope Gregory VIII organised a new Crusade and go to Jerusalem the kings of England, Germany, and France. At the end, only the king of England continued the travel, and he went the new to England.
THE FOURTH CRUSADE
It started en 1199, when the Pope decided atacked Egypt, but they atacked Constantinople. Consecuently, the Byzantine Empire loosed the war. They founded a new empire, and the crusaders was in Jerusalem went to the new empire.